Part of this was posted last week. That's because I wanted readers to understand the first part of it before adding the rest.
My cosmology theory claims that gravity is actually a form of electromagnetism.
There are supposedly four basic forces in the universe. It is gravity that governs the universe on a large scale because it is cumulative. The universe is composed of two electric charges, negative and positive, and electromagnetism is the force associated with it. The Strong Nuclear Force binds atomic nuclei together against their mutual like-charge repulsion. The Weak Nuclear Force is associated with the radioactive decay in the heavy elements that were formed by a supernova.
My cosmology theory has empty space as a checkerboard of alternating negative and positive electric charges in multiple dimensions. The two rules of the electric charges are that opposite charges attract while like charges repel. These rules can be overcome, to some extent, by energy. If the energy overcomes the repulsive force between like charges then we get strings of charges that we perceive as particles, such as electrons, because we can see only in three of the four spatial dimensions, the other we experience as time.
The energy holding the like charges together is what gives matter it's mass and we refer to it as the Mass-Energy Equivalence. If the energy overcomes the attractive force between opposite charges, it creates electromagnetic waves in space. These waves are so-called because they disturb the underlying balance of the electric charges in space. We can see that matter consists of one-dimensional strings because it has mass, while electromagnetic radiation is two-dimensional waves but has no mass. The mass of matter has been exchanged for the additional dimension.
This provides a neat and simple explanation for gravity. If the two electric charges are equal then the two rules of electric charges, that opposite charges attract while like charges repel, must also be equal. If the repulsive force between like charges is overcome by energy to create matter then that leaves a net attractive force that should be associated with matter. There is indeed a net attractive force associated with matter and it is what we refer to as gravity.
This means that gravity is a form of electromagnetism, rather than an entirely separate force. Each of the basic forces is supposedly transmitted by a particle. Electromagnetism by photons, the Strong Nuclear Force by gluons, and the Weak Nuclear Force by W and Z Bosons. It is interesting that gravity, which governs the universe on a large scale, is theorized to be transmitted by "gravitons", but they have never been found.
What I have always found interesting is that gravity and electromagnetism obey the same Inverse Square Law. No other two forces obey the same rules like this. The two do not operate in exactly the same way. Gravity works with all the mass of an object, while electromagnetism only works with it's surface, but other than that they work the same.
The electrons in orbitals in atoms usually operate in pairs, with the two having opposite spin. If we consider electrons as pairs then the maximum numbers of electrons in successive orbital shells operates by exactly the same Inverse Square Law as gravity. The formula for the maximum number of electrons is 2N (squared). This means that the first orbital shell can have 2 electrons, or 1 pair. The second orbital shell can have 8 electrons, or 4 pairs. The third orbital shell can have 18 electrons, or 9 pairs. The fourth orbital shell can have 32 electrons, or 16 pairs. In each, the allowed number of pairs is the square of the number of the orbital shell.
Each electron in an atom is defined by an "address" of four Quantum Numbers. The N, described above, is the Principal Quantum Number. The Spin, either up or down, is another Quantum Number.
There are also subshells, within the orbital shells, based on energy levels. The Azimuthal Quantum Number, designated as L, defines the maximum number of electrons that can be in any subshell. The subshells are expressed with letters, with S=0, P=1, D=2 and F=3. The formula for the maximum number of electrons in a given subshell of an orbital shell is 2 (2L+1). The L is the 0, 1, 2, or 3.
The 2 before the (2L+1) is because electrons usually exist in pairs. This gives us the maximum number of possible pairs in the four subshells as 1, 3, 5 and, 7.
This is very interesting with regard to gravity. The acceleration due to gravity of a falling object is 32 feet per second, or 9.8 meters per second, squared. If an object is dropped from a height, it starts with a velocity of zero and the velocity steadily increases to 32 feet per second at the end of the first second. This means that it's average velocity in the first second was 16 feet per second, so that it would have fallen 16 feet or 4.9 meters by the end of the first second.
At the beginning of the second second the velocity was 32 feet per second and 64 feet per second at the end of the second. Thus it's average velocity in the second second was 48 feet per second so that it would have fallen 48 feet in that second. This is 3 times the 16 feet that it fell in the first second.
At the beginning of the third second it was falling at a velocity of 64 feet per second and 96 feet per second at the end of the second. This means that it's average velocity during the third second was 80 feet per second so that it would have fallen 80 feet. This is 5 times the 16 feet that it fell in the first second.
At the beginning of the fourth second the object was falling at a velocity of 96 feet per second and at 128 feet per second at the end of the second. It's average velocity during the fourth second was 112 feet per second so that it would have fallen 112 feet. This is 7 times the 16 feet that it fell in the first second.
What do you notice here? The 1, 3, 5 and 7 associated with a falling object are exactly the same numbers that define the maximum number of electron pairs in subshells. It doesn't matter whether or not we measure time in seconds, any brief unit of time and the corresponding distance of fall would do. This is in addition to the fact that gravity and electromagnetic follow the Inverse Square Law in exactly the same way.
We use mathematics to describe the physical universe around us. So if there are four basic forces then we should expect that each would be described by different mathematics. If two of the forces are described by exactly the same mathematics then the two must actually be the same force, even if they appear different to us. There is a difference in that gravity is always an attractive force while electromagnetism can be either attractive or repulsive. But that is only because of our perspective on our surroundings and the two must really be the same force.
Einstein's second theory of Relativity, the General Theory of 1915, describes how gravity is actually a warping of space by mass so that an object in orbit is actually moving in a straight line but through curved space. An example that is often given is that of a suspended rubber sheet with a heavy bowling ball placed in the middle of it, so that it warped the rubber sheet. If a marble was rolled across the sheet, past the bowling ball, it would go into "orbit" around the ball.
This also means that gravity should bend light. A massive object, such as the sun, should measurably bend a ray of light. The difficulty in testing this is that the overpowering glare of the sun would drown out any ray of light from beyond the sun that was being tested. The solution was to travel to where there was a solar eclipse so that the light of the sun would be blocked out. This is what was done and gravity did indeed bend light.
But why would gravity bend light if the two were manifestations of two different forces? Light is electromagnetic radiation, from the electromagnetic force. No other two of the basic forces interact like this.
The only conclusion that I can come to is that gravity and electromagnetism is really the same force. We see it as two forces because it affects us in two different ways, as an attractive force on our mass and bringing information to us by means of waves.
With that understanding of the first part, the possibility of unification of the basic forces emerges if there are only three forces. There have long been efforts to unify the basic forces. The forces exchange force for distance which makes it seem as if they might be different manifestations of the same thing, like holding a lever at different points.
What is interesting is that so much in the subatomic realm revolves around threes or thirds. Protons and neutrons are each composed of three quarks. The electric charges of quarks are in thirds. An up quark has a charge of +2/3 and a down quark has a charge of -1/3. So two up quarks and a down quark form a proton, with a charge of+1, and two down quarks and an up quark form a neutron, with a charge of zero.
In Quark Chromodynamics, quarks are joined by messenger particles called gluons. There are three symbolic colors that describe the interactions, and the colors have to balance out to zero.
In the Standard Model of particle physics, there are three generations each of electrons, neutrinos and, quarks. All that really matters to us is the first, and lightest generation, but we can detect the other two.
To understand these threes, we must understand why there are two opposite directions in each of our three spatial dimensions. We might refer to these opposite directions as left and right, up and down, and backward and forward. It is because everything in the universe, space and matter, are composed of two electric charges, which we refer to as negative and positive.
The basic rules of the charges are that opposite charges attract while like charges repel. Space is an alternating checkerboard of negative and positive charges, in multiple dimensions. Energy can overcome, to some extent, the basic rules of the charges. If it overcomes the repulsion between like charges, it creates the charged particles of matter such as electrons. If it overcomes the attraction between opposite charges, it creates electromagnetic waves.
What I have determined is that we see two opposite directions per dimension because of the two electric charges but the overcoming of the repulsion between like charges that creates matter is actually a higher information state. The imbalance between the two rules of electric charges, caused by one of them being overcome by energy, acts as another point of information and it creates a third direction per dimension, but only actually inside the subatomic particles. The inside of an atom is mostly empty space and there is still only two directions per dimension. Remember that this does not mean more dimensions of space, but another direction per dimension.
The following diagram shows, on the right, how we see two opposite directions per dimension of space because, from any given point in space such as Point A, one direction must begin with a positive charge and the other with a negative charge. On the left we see that, actually inside the subatomic particle, the overcoming of the repulsion between like charges that creates the charged particle creates an imbalance that acts as another point of information so that there are three opposite directions per dimension.
Electromagnetic waves are also created by overcoming one of the basic rules of the electric charges by energy, the attraction between like charges. But this doesn't create another direction per dimension. The reason is that, as described by my cosmology theory, the particles of matter are one-dimensional strings while the waves are two-dimensional. Electromagnetic waves already have another dimension so they don't create an additional direction per dimension.
The two rules of electric charges must be equal so it cannot be that one creates two dimensions, an electromagnetic wave, when it is overcome by energy while the other only creates one dimension, a charged string of matter that forms the subatomic particles. Matter cannot create another dimension of space so it creates, but only actually inside the particles, another opposite direction per dimension. We get our information from electromagnetic radiation, which only moves in the two opposite directions of space, but this is actually inside the particles where there is only the direct effect of the electric charges.
So we have three opposite directions per dimension, actually inside subatomic particles, but we can only see in two of them. We could designate these three directions as A, B and, C. This brings three possibilities. We can either see in directions A and B, A and C or, B and C.
This explains why so much about subatomic particles involves threes or thirds. It is too much to be a coincidence. The three symbolic colors that are used in the system of Quantum Chromodynamics represent these three opposite directions, in which the quark and gluon can be aligned. The three generations each of particles in the Standard Model are how many of these sets of opposite directions per dimension that we can see in, either one or two or three.
Finally this brings us to, if there are three basic forces since gravity is a form of electromagnetism, the three are likely different manifestations of the same thing, with electromagnetism being the only real force. We can see that the basic forces exchange force for distance, like holding a lever at different points, making it seem that they are really the same thing.
Here is a link to the abbreviated version of the cosmology theory. These three opposite directions per dimension are described in the final section, 23.
www.markmeeksideas.blogspot.com/2024/01/cosmology-theory-in-diagrams.html?m=0
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